|
Home >> Science >> Social Sciences >> Linguistics >> Languages >> Natural >> Indo-European >> Italic >> Romance >> Portuguese |
|
|
}
Portuguese (português) occurs as Romance language predominantly spoken in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macao Special Administrative Region of China, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and PrÃncipe and also in the former Portuguese India, Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli in India . Several linguists assume that Portuguese & Galician (the native language of Galicia, Spain) are actually varieties of the equivalent language, however by using Galician existence strongly influenced per Spanish language. By owning extra than 200 million native speakers, Portuguese is one of a couple of languages spoken within such widely-distributed area of the globe, & is the fifth or even sixth virtually all-spoken foremost language in the globe. Because Brazil, by using 184 million indweller, is all about 51% of South America's population, Portuguese is a virtually all widely spoken language around South Us & these are likewise one of the key languages around Africa. A language was spread worldwide in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as Portugal created a first & the hanker lived modern-globe colonial & commercial empire (1415–1975), spanning from Brazil in the Americas to Macao in China. Following, Portuguese is okay, a official language of numbers of independent countries & is widely spoken or even exposed as a 2nd language within many others. There are likewise various Portuguese Creole languages spread all on top the world. These are an crucial minority language inside Andorra, Luxembourg, Namibia, and Paraguay. Big Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities survive within numbers of cities about the world, including Montreal, Toronto in Canada, Paris in France and Boston, New Bedford, Cape Cod, Providence, Newark, New York City, Miami, and Houston in the United States. The Portuguese language is nicknamed A lÃngua diamond state Camões ("The language of Camões", when LuÃs de Camões, the author of The Lusiads); A última flor clean Lácio ("The last flower of Latium", by Olavo Bilac) or A sweetly language (by Cervantes). Portuguese language speakers come referred to as the Lusophone, when a Roman title for the province of Lusitania.
History Portuguese developed in the American Iberian Peninsula from the spoken Latin language brought there by Roman soldiers and settler starting in the 3rd century BC. A language began to differentiate itself from either more Romance languages fallowing a fall of the Roman Empire and the savage invasions in the 5th century. It began to exist as utilized in a area of written documents around the 9th century, and per 15th century it had get the matured language by owning the rich literature. Arriving on the Iberian Peninsula within 218 BC, a Romans brought by having the babies the Roman population's language, Vulgar Latin, from which 100% Romance languages (as well referred to as "New Latin Languages") descend. Already in the 2nd century BC southern Lusitania was Romanized. Strabo, a 1st-century Greek geographer, comments in one of a books of his Geographia "encyclopedia": "they have adopted the Roman customs, and they no longer remember their own language." A language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers & merchandiser, world health organization built Roman cities mostly touching last civilizations' settlements. Between 409 A.D. & 711, as a Roman Empire was collapsing, a Iberian Peninsula was invaded by peoples of Germanic origin, known to the Romans as Barbarians. A Barbarians (principally Suevi and Visigoths) largely absorbed the Roman culture & language of the peninsula; still, Lusitania's language & culture were loose to develop in their have in a period of the Early Middle Ages, due to the lack of Roman schools & administration, Lusitania's proportional isolation from either a rest of Europe, & changes in the political boundaries of the Iberian peninsula. These changes led to the formation of what is at present known as "Lusitanian Romance". From either 711, with a Moorish invasion of the Peninsula, Arabic was adopted as a administrative language in the conquered regions. Still, a people continued to speak their Romance accent therefore that while a Moors were overthrown, a influence that it experienced exerted on the language was little. Its independent outcome was in the lexicon. a earliest living records of a distinctively Portuguese language come administrative documents from either the ninth century, still interspersed by using numbers of phrases around Latin. In todays world this phase is referred to as "Proto-Portuguese" (spoken in a period between the 9th to the 12th century). Portugal was formally recognized per Kingdom of Leon as an independent country within 1143, with King Afonso Henriques. In the foremost period of "Old Portuguese" - Portuguese-Galician Period of time (from either a 12th to the 14th century) - the language step by step inherit general utilize. Antecedently it experienced mostly been utilized on the Christian Iberian Peninsula as a language for poetry. Within 1290, king Denis created a first Portuguese University within Lisbon (the Estudo Geral) & decreed that Portuguese, so only known as a "Vulgar language" should exist as referred to as a Portuguese language & should exist as officially utilized. In the 2nd period of "Old Portuguese", from either a 14th to the 16th century, with a Portuguese discoveries, a Portuguese language spread to numbers of regions of Asia, Africa and The Americas (nowadays, virtually all of the Portuguese speakers sleep within Brazil, in South United states). Per 16th century it had get the lingua franca in Asia & Africa, utilized non just for compound administration & trade however likewise for communication between local officials and Europeans of everthing nationalities. A spreading of a language was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese & local population (as well super commons inside more areas of the globe) & its association sustaining the Catholic missionary efforts, which led to it existence known as Cristão ("Christian") within several pages in Asia. A Nippo jisho, the Japanese-Portuguese lexicon written within 1603, was a product of Jesuit missionary activity in Japan. A language continued to become popular around area of Asia until a 19th century. A bit of Portuguese-speaking Christian communities around India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia preserved their language even fallowing it were isolated from either Portugal. A language has largely changed around these communities & has evolved through the centuries into many Portuguese creoles, some however existent now, when hundreds of years of isolation. The considerable total of words of Portuguese origaround come likewise incurred in Tetum. Portuguese words entered a lexicons of numbers of more languages, like Japanese, Indonesian, Malay, or Swahili. A prevent of "Old Portuguese" was marked per publication of the Cancioneiro Geral first state Garcia de Resende, around 1516. A period of "Modern Portuguese" (spanning from either a 16th century to present day) saw an increase in a number of words of Classical Latin origin & learned words of Greek origin borrowed into Portuguese in a period of the Renaissance, which augmented the complexness of the language.
Classification and related languages Indo-European - Italic - Romance - Italo-Western - Western - Gallo-Iberian - Ibero-Romance - West-Iberian - Portuguese-Galician Portuguese is orthographically similar around several ways to Spanish, but it has the super distinctive phonology. a speaker of one of these languages can postulate the select few practice to profits know the speaker of the more (although typically these are more leisurely for a Portuguese native speaker to know Spanish than the more way in). Compare, for instance: Occasionally less most common phrasings & word options use nigher cognates within Spanish because Portuguese has managed to locate the lot big vocabulary, by having stronger Latin heritage: (Which translates when "She always closes the window before having dinner.") Around occasionally stores, Spanish & Portuguese come spoken most interchangeably. Portuguese speakers come usually entity to scroll through Spanish, & Spanish speakers come typically entity to page through Portuguese, possibly whenever it just can not know a spoken language. Portuguese as well has important similarities by having Mirandese, Catalan, Italian, French and with more Romance languages. Phonetically, Portuguese every now & again appears nearer to French and Catalan than Spanish does. A healthy placed of Portuguese is very similar to the French 1, due to the occurrence of nasalisation & a few palatalization inside two languages, & due to certain healthy changes (for instance, diphthongization of sale-mid accented vowels, aspiration of /f/, devoicing of sibilant consonant, & vary of intervocalic [ʎ] to [ʒ]) that placed off Spanish from either a others. Within lexicon, Portuguese bom (masculine word for even skillful) & French or Catalan bon may be similar, when Spanish bueno is somewhat different, & Portuguese filha, French missy & Catalan filla come opposed to Spanish hija. European Portuguese come under extra French influence following of the Napoleonic dominion in Lisbon from either 1807-1812, & ethnic influences when that. Speakers of more Romance languages will buy the peculiarity in the conjugating of certain apparently infinitive verbs & of a few really infinitives. While constructing the future tense or conditional tense clause involving an indirect object pronoun, the pronoun may be laid between a verb stem & a verb ending. This phenomenon is known as mesoclisis, because a clitic is neither prior to nor when, however in the midst. For instance, Dupondt said trazer-vos-emos o vosso ceptro. Translating when literally as conceivable, this is "bring (stem)-to you (formal)-we (future) the your scepter". Within English i personally would say, "We will bring you your scepter." A form Nós vos traremos o vosso ceptro. occurs when regionalism utilized inside virtually all Portuguese speaking countries, also as Portugal.
Geographic distribution
The International Institute for the Portuguese Language logo depicts Portuguese as a language spoken in the eight corners of the world (the eight independent nations were it is official).
|+Portuguese language territories
|-
!bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Country/Region
!bgcolor=#DDDDDD|Speakers Portuguese is the number one language in Angola, Brazil, Portugal and São Tomé and PrÃncipe, and a virtually all widely utilized language around Mozambique. Portuguese is too one of a official languages of East Timor (with Tetum) and Macao S.A.R. of China (with Chinese). These are widely spoken, but not official, within Andorra, Luxembourg, Namibia and Paraguay. Portuguese Creoles are the maternal language of Cape Verde and part of Guinea-Bissau's population. Within Cape Verde virtually all too speak standard Portuguese & have a indigen level language usage. Portuguese is spoken by astir 187 million humans witharound South United states of United states of america, 17 million Africans, 12 million Europeans, both million in Northerly America & Cypher.34 million within Asia. A table "Portuguese language countries and territories" includes countries in which a Portuguese language is official & patch non official, in which these are spoken by to a higher degree 1% of the people. A CPLP or even Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries is an international organization consisting of the eight independent countries which have Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese is besides an official language of the European Union, Mercosul and the African Union (one of a working languages) & one of the official languages of more organizations. A Portuguese language is gaining popularity within Africa, Asia, & South America as a 2nd language for learn. Portuguese is by owning Spanish a fastest growing american language, &, charted estimates by UNESCO these are a language by owning a higher potentiality of incubation as an international communication language within Africa (south) & South United states of america. A Portuguese speaking African countries come required to have a concerted people of 83 million by 2050. A language is too starting to benefit popularity within Asia, mostly due to East Timor's boost witharound a total of speakers in a survive 5 years, & Macau is becoming the Chinese Mecca for learning Portuguese, in which in early 21st century, the language utilise wwhen in decline, in todays world these are growing as it became a language for chance due to Chinese strategic cooperation sustaining the Portuguese speaking countries.
Dialects Portuguese occurs as super rich language around terms of idiom, for each one sustaining its specialness. Virtually all of a differentiation between the two come the pronunciation of certain vowels. Between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, there are differences around vocabulary, pronunciation & syntax, especially in popular varieties. A accent of PiauÃ, inside northeastern Brazil is the nearest accent to European Portuguese in Brazil. More super close idiom come a ones of Belém and Rio de Janeiro. There are many similarities around pronunciation, syntax & simplification around grammar have between common Brazilian Portuguese & common Angolan Portuguese. However no differences between standard European & Angolan Portuguese. Coimbra Portuguese is considered the virtually all standardized Portuguese accent. A select few apparent differences between them varieties around lexicon are not really differences. Within Brazil, a most common term for rug is tapete, piece around Portugal it's alcatifa. Even so, numbers of dialectal zones around Portugal have tapete & more areas around Brazil utilize alcatifa. This applies around many such apparent differences, except in the newly terms, like ônibus around Brazil, which is autocarro inside Portugal. The conversation between an Angolan, the Brazilian & the Portuguese from either super rural areas flows super well. the virtually all exotic Portuguese idiom is common São Tomean Portuguese, because of the interaction using local Portuguese Creoles, however potentially by using this a single no difficulties after talking to a individual from either an additional united states. Examples of words that come different within Portuguese idiom from either tierce different continents Angola (Africa), Portugal (Europe) & Brazil (South Usa).
Bus
slum quarter
Last away
Major Portuguese accent:
Portuguese dialects of Brazil
Brazil
Portuguese dialects of Portugal
Portugal
Angola
More areas
Creole
Portugal in the period of discoveries & colonization created the linguistic call for using native languages & humans of the found lands and so pidgins were formed. Until a 18th century, these Portuguese pidgins were used when Lingua Franca within Asia & Africa. Late, the Portuguese pidgins were expanded grammatically & lexically, when it became a native language. Two or three million population worldwide speak the Portuguese Creole. These creoles come spoken, mostly, by inter-racial communities (Portuguese humans by using indigen).
It used to be that, Portuguese creoles were likewise spoken within Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, possibly inside Brazil & around more areas inside India, Malaysia & China.
Sounds
When by using French, Portuguese is often noted for its contrastive utilize of nasal vowels and the prominent total of dipthongs. Virtually all idiom, including a standard languages of Portugal and Brazil, own many vowel phonemes that are distinguished by nasality. Virtually all idiom use at times Xiv vowel phonemes, 5 of which are then nasals which combine to form Decade oral exam & Iv rhinal diphtongs. There are Xix consonant phonemes, none of which are then unique to the language.
European Portuguese differs from either the idiom spoken inside Brazil & a previous Portuguese colonies by a marked velarization that affects vowels too when consonants. the vowels come usually lowered & centralized (approaching a schwa) & gives pronunciation the distinctly lax quality that is present around conversational likewise when formal speech and typically outcomes within complete reduction of vowels.
Consonants
/b, d, g/ come merely pronounced when plosives when they occur at a beginning of the word. Ensuing vowels, it is pronounced when a corresponding fricatives , which is very just about a standard American English /l/. Around occasionally Brazilian accent, especially around a accent spoken in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais & Bahia, /d/ & /t/ tend to get affricated prior to the unstressed phoneme /i/.
Vowels
for a bit of /u/ occurs in the idiom of Portalegre, Castelo Branco, Algarve (Barlavento locality) & São Miguel Island. [ø] occurs inside São Miguel Island, e.g. within boi [bø] "ox".
Prosody
Grammar
Portuguese makes a clear distinction between the different word classes, that include verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions and interjections. There are besides another determiners and particles.
Verbs come divided into 3 conjugations, which may be identified by seeking at a infinitive ending, one of "-ar", "-er", "-ir" & "-or", which is present inside the little total of verbs ,prefer "pôr" (to put). Virtually all verbs prevent by having "-ar", like cantar (to sing). A lot verbs sustaining a equivalent ending watch a equivalent pattern.
Around Portuguese, verbs come out within distinct moods:
Along by using moods, there are non-finite verb forms:
No present or even active participial around Portuguese, however numerous adjectives are from either Latin present participles and carry or so a equivalent meaning. A few neologisms are created in the same pattern. Unlike English, these "present participles" are not monovular around form by using gerund.
Portuguese subjunctive mood hwhen virtually as numerous tenses as the common mood, videlicet present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect and future, not mentioning circumlocutory structures. Within regular verbs, subjunctive future, which is rare within Indo-European languages, is identical to household infinitive, but not within irregular verbs. & its role is apparently super different.
Portuguese lead astray mood is typically described as a tense, viz. a "future of the preterite". It hwhen deuce forms, that may be rendered as a "future of the (perfect or imperfect) past" (for example iria, would last) & a "future of the pluperfect" (e.g. teria ido, would use never to return). Circumlocutious structures provide more tenses. Mislead is witnessed other typically inside formal than inside informal speech, in which these are normally replaced per imperfect tense.
A second interesting feature of Portuguese verbs is the being of ii or even threea few same forms for some past tenses, either inside the declarative or in the subjunctive mood, however something similar happens in French and Spanish perfect tenses. For example, in the declarative pluperfect it is possible to apply either a auxiliary verbs ter (from Latin tenere) & haver (from either Latin habere) or even the elementary form. He experienced never to return can be translated either when Ele tinha ido, Ele havia ido or even Ele fora. Them latter choices, yet, come tremendously less most common around unwritten & informal languages. A elementary form (fora) would exist when every now and again seen as archaic or literary.
Whole Portuguese nouns keep close at hand one of ii genders: masculine or even inclusive & feminine or exclusive. Virtually all adjectives and pronouns, and everthing articles imply a gender of the noun they information. the feminine gender inside adjectives is formed withwithin a different way from either that in nouns. Virtually all adjectives ending around the consonant remain unchanged: homem superior (superior human), mulher superior (superior woman). This is likewise confessedly for adjectives ending around "e": homem forte (heavy human), mulher loud (heavy woman). Except for this, a noun & a adjective must universally exist as agreed: homem alto (tall human), mulher alta (tall woman).
View likewise: Portuguese pronouns, Portuguese verb conjugation
Vocabulary
A Dicionário Houaiss da LÃngua Portuguesa, by Antônio Houaiss (1915 – 1999), son of Lebanese immigrants inside Brazil & previous Brazilian Minister of Culture, was created sustaining a trend lines of near two hundred lexicologist from either many countries & these are a virtually all complete Portuguese lexicon up to now (all about 228,500 entries, 376,500 acceptations, 415,500 synonyms, 26,400 antonyms & 57,000 historical words) it includes completely variations of the Portuguese language (African, Asian, Brazilian and of Portugal). Dedicating his life to the language, Houaiss began his function around 1986, and died 1 month prior to a lexicon was completed by his colleagues in the month 2000, without seeing his dream came confessedly. the lexicon is quickly becoming a information to the language, a few classified it as a "monument to the language".
Portuguese, two around morphology and syntax, represents an organic transformation of Latin without the straight intervention of any foreign language. A sounds, grammatical forms, & syntactic types, sustaining two or three exceptions, come from either Latin. & well-nigh 90% of a vocabulary is however from either the language of Rome. A select few of a changes began in the period of the Empire, others took place later. Around Late Middle Ages, Portuguese was eroding up to French, however the conservative policy re-approached it to Latin.
An additional specially relevant shift was the loss of a intervocalic /l/ within a super big placed of words, already described in the listing above for instance of "elision" → e.g: SALIRE → sair; COLARE → coar; NOTVLA → nódoa, by owning a average portuguese voicing of /t/ inside /d/ (AMATVS → amado). Fewer words remained unchanged, or even reevolved to the original word, like taberna (tap house) or even hip joint (thigh). Since a Renaissance, Portuguese became subject to the influence of Literary Latin, other than a spoken form from either which Portuguese evolved, due to authors love for antiquity. So several adjectives around Portuguese st& literary origin & a various substantive has a popular form: ouro (gold) and áureo (golden) each from either Latin, AVRV. More words use popular & learned equivalent word: A Latin LOCALE (place) which evolved to the population's lugar has local as an learned equivalent word.
Super pack traces of a indigen or even even pre-Roman settlers prefer the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Iberians, or Celts lexicon continue the language, however there are a few exceptions, like Abóbora (pumpkin) & Bezerro (month-old calf) from either Iberian languages or even Cerveja (beer) & Saco (bag) from either Celtic & Phoenician, respectively.
Post-Roman influences, prior to a Discovery age, were as well little. A Germanic influence inside Portuguese was restricted to warfare & related topics, such has Barão (baron) from either Germanic baro or even Guerra (war) from either Gothic *ð??…ð?Œ¹ð??‚ð??‚ð??‰ (*wirro). Projections imply M Arabic loan words, including: Aldeia (village) from التجارية (aldaya), Alface (lettuce) from either الخس (alkhass), Armazém (storage warehouse) from either المخزن (almahazan), Azeite (olive oil) from either زيت (azzait) & virtually all words starting by using "al".
By using a Portuguese discoveries linguistic email was mass produced, & a Portuguese language became influenced by more languages differently European or even Arabic. Inside Asia, a language gained words like catana (cutlass) from either Japanese 刀 (katana), Corja (rabble) from either Malay Kórchchu or even chá (tea) from either Mandarin Chinese 茶 (cha). Around South America, a language gained words like Ananás, from either Tupi-Guarani naná and Abacaxi from either Tupi ibá cati both on to different mintage of pineapple, or even Tucano (toucan) from Guarani tucan. A African influence around lexicon was mass produced around Brazil & Africa (mostly within Angola) include words such has Bungular (to dance rather African wizards) from either Kimbundu kubungula or Cafuné (philia processed in the mind) from either Kimbundu kifumate. Several list of site & local fauna own Amerindian list inside Brazil; within Angola & Mozambique, a equivalent occurring using a local Bantu languages. These influences come likewise microscopic potentially around the local variations of Portuguese in Brazil & Africa.
Writing system
Portuguese is written using the Latin alphabet with 26 letters. 3 of the children (K, W & Y) come just utilized for non-Portuguese origaround words, in terms prefer darwinismo (Darwinism, from English "Darwin"). It utilizes ç and acute, grave, circumflex and tilde accents over vowels, besides when, withwithin a bit of forms & exclusively in Brazil, diaeresis on a U when inside lingüÃstica (Linguistics, linguÃstica is used in the rest of the Portuguese speaking nations).
Written varieties and Spelling Reform
As of 2005, Portuguese has two major written forms:
align="right"
|+Written varieties
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Portugal & Africa
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Brazil
! bgcolor=#DDDDDD | translation
|-
!colspan="3" |Different pronunciation
|-
|António
|Antônio
|Anthony
|-
|Vénus
|Vênus
|Venus
|-
|Facto
|Fato
|Fact
|-
!colspan="3" |Indifferent consonants
|-
|a100ção
|ação
|action
|-
|direhundredção
|direção
|direction
|-
|elé100trico
|elétrico
|electric
|-
|óptimo
|ótimo
|very good
|-
!colspan="3" |Accents
|-
|Frequente
|Freqüente
|Frequent
|-
|ideia
|idéia
|idea
|}
Around Brazil virtually all number 1 'one hundred's around 'ml', 'cç' or even 'ct'; & 'p's within 'pc', 'pç' or even 'platinum' were eliminated from either either a language, since it is non pronounced in a cultivated spoken language, however come remnants from the language's Latwithwithin origin (though occasionally prove my point to survive in cultivated Brazilian Portuguese, others in European Portuguese). An case is "facto" (around Portugal) & "fato" (around Brazil), two meaning fact -- one of a uncommon words that may prove my point to become accepted & is pronounced otherwise around each countries.
Too, there are differences inside accent marks, due to:
The 1990 Spelling Reform (Port. Reforma Ortográfica''), meant to produce an International Portuguese Standard, was ratified by Brazil, Cape Verde, & Portugal. East Timor, non an original subscriber, may ratify shortly along using Guinea-Bissau. Brazil & East Timor were a large supporters of a reform & pressured the CPLP for a convenient implementation, however the implementation date has non however been placed. Inside East Timor, each writing system come presently existence taught to babies. Galiza was also invited to participate in a reform however a Galician government ignored the invitation (note that this government states that Galician and Portuguese are different languages). Nevertheless, an unofficial commission formed by Galician linguists (supporting a unity of the language) was sent & participated in the reform. 2
Ab initio, a Agreement established that its entrance into practice would simply occur whilst all the countries of the CPLP experienced ratified it. However a Portuguese-speaking African countries use non sanctioned, even due to problems around implementing it. In the CPLP’s summit of 26–27 July 2004, an adjustment will prompt implementation once upright trine countries ratify it. A agreement might eliminate virtually all number 1 'one hundred's inside 'ml', 'cç' or even 'ct'; & 'p's within 'pc', 'pç' or even 'atomic number 78' from either European/ African Portuguese, a umlaut & accent marks inside words ending inside "éia" inside Brazil & add a bit of freshly spelling system. & it might allow either writing system for words prefer anónimo or even anônimo, based on the accent of the creator even or individual existence transcribed. Late inside October 2004, Brazil became a number 1 to approve a adjustment & asked its ambassadors around Portugal & Cape Verde to promote the rapid implementation inside people countries. A agreement may enter into practice in a 1st day of the next year once the third united states ratifies it.
Possibly whenever in todays world's writing system don't harm intelligibility between native speakers, a writing system of a single united states is considered wrong in a more, leading to 2 different translations of the equivalent book written in another language & it may confuse foreigners that come learning the language. A single endeavour of this reform is to promote a language internationally, good prefer a spelling reforms of Spanish by the Real Academia Española helped to promote the Spanish language. A language is does'nt super popular internationally, possibly in case these are a third-virtually all-spoken American language in the globe, when English & Spanish. An additional objective is Portugal's help to Brazil & African countries within education of the Portuguese language to African & Amerindian populations, Brazil's training help to Africa & greater ethnic & academic exchange.
An additional agreement was play a recently words that might inherit the language.
Examples
;Extract of «The Lusiads» (I, 33)
Literature
To English speakers, a best known writer in the Portuguese language is the poet LuÃs Vaz de Camões (also referred to as Camoens) (1524–1580), author of a epic poem, the Lusiadas.
Many more authors & poets come likewise internationally known, like: Machado de Assis (1839-1908), the virtually all traditional Brazilian novelist; Eça de Queirós (1845–1900), one of the best known Portuguese language novelists; Fernando Pessoa (1888—1935), one of the greatest poets in the history of the language; Jorge Amado (1912—2001), a popular novelist; Pepetela (born 1941), a illustrious Angolan novelist; Mia Couto (1955), the best known novelist from either Mozambique; & José Saramago (born 1922) who was awarded a Nobel Prize for literature in 1998. A 2005 winner of Camoens Prize was Lygia Fagundes Telles (1923).
Understand as well: Camoens Prize
| |
|
Portuguese Grammar Phonetics, grammar and exercises with answers. Portuguese-language site. Author: J. João Campagnaro. Portuguese Idioms Literally Translated Compiled, translated, and explained in English by Tágide Crista. Brazilian Portuguese Minilessons in grammar and everyday phrases. Searchable site; also reading resources, sound files, and links. The Portuguese Language Language, history, and evolution Núcleo Interinstitucional de LingüÃstica Computacional Research projects on computational linguistics, with a focus on Portuguese, and with an extensive bibliography. Some listings are linked to full-text downloadable article files. The project is managed by a team at the University of São Paulo in Brazil. Fale Português (Speak Portuguese) Brazilian Portuguese learning page designed for English speakers, with a short language course, essays and cultural information. Notes on European Portuguese Includes notes on the linguistic development of Portuguese, and a Brazilian-Portuguese dictionary. |
|
© 2005 GeneralAnswers.org